Theories and Regulation of Foreign Direct Investment - 2200 Words

Theories and Regulation of Foreign Direct Investment (Essay Sample) Content: Theories and Regulation of Foreign Direct InvestmentNameÂÂClassProfessorInstitutionCity and StateDateTheories and Regulation of Foreign Direct InvestmentIntroductionForeign Direct Investments are key to the world economic development, especially in the growth of an economy. The FDIs have numerous benefits to the host countries through provision of resources that may not have been otherwise available. Technological advancements, proper management of resources and the supply of capital may be some of the few benefits that may be of benefit to the host country. However, there are costs that are incurred by the same country while handling the aspect of foreign investment. Increase in foreign investments may have adverse effects on the national sovereignty of the country. This essay will analyze the theories of FDI in relation to the costs and benefits of the host country and the regulations that control FDI activity because of the risen costs to the country (Kirkp atrick Parker Zhang 2006, p. 148). The essay will also evaluate the effects associated with the application of the theories and attempts of various countries to manage FDI activities.Theories of FDI ActivitiesEden (2009, para. 2) states that the implication of FDI to host countries are usually packaged in terms of the management skills, technological advancements and the provision of capital to the host country. The study by economists in attempting to analyze further benefits to the country is mainly done through the assessment of various theories that attempt to explain FDI. Various theories have attempted to explain FDI, and they include the theory of the international product lifecycle, Japanese FDI theories, and the internalization theory.The international product life cycle theory was developed by Raymond Vernon, and it attempts to explain the patterns of international trade. Vernonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s theory suggests that a product undergoes several stages, which include the introdu ction stage where the goods are introduced into the local market before they are introduced to other countries that have the same needs and preferences. The growth stage involves introduction of a similar product in the home country and the international market. The maturity stage involves the concentration on the producer with the lowest costs of production while the saturation stage involves the stability of the product on the market. The decline stage constitutes the markets for the products when the demand decreases (Denisia 2010, p. 106).The flow of FDI in a particular country with reference to the product life cycle theory involves the maturity and decline phase. Based on this theory, firms usually set up in countries where the products have already achieved success, and the cost of production is at its least. The benefits are derived by the host country when a foreign firm stays in the market of the host country, which will increase the profits and economic growth. The compet ition in the market changes based on the existing international goods on the market with little focus placed on the quality of the goods (Yoo 2010, p. 646).Das (2013, p. 6) states that the Japanese FDI theories are based on Micheal Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ideas (Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s five forces) of analyzing the business environment. The Japanese FDI theories center on a foreign market entering a country that is not well developed to take advantage of lower production costs. This means that there is a minimum outflow of FDI from the country, but the maximum inflow of the same. As more FDIs flow in, the economy of the country increases and the costs of labor increase, which in turn raises the standards of living for the people and improves the economy. As the country becomes more innovative, the FDI is motivated by technological and market factors because the country is well developed through foreign investments.The application of the Japanese FDI theory analyzes market competitiveness and economic development based on the five forces by Michael Porter. These include the threats of new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, threats of substitute products and the rivalry among the competitors in the market (Porter, 2008, para. 5). The factors affect the levels of foreign investments for both internal and external investors, which in turn affect the growth of the economy, which is a benefit to the host country.Lopes (2010, p. 6) describes the internalization theory as the alternate ways in which international firms may analyze its competence with reference to different regions of investment. The internalization theory of FDI is based on the growth of the multinational companies because of their motivations to achieve FDI. Buckley and Casson (2009, p. 16) describe the theory as one that defines the boundaries of organizations and where the boundaries of the host country lie in terms of foreign investments. The benefits derived from the FDI by the host co untry range from innovative and corporate growth, which is also affected by the cultures of the country. The restrictions in the country bring about the aspect of rationalization by both the firm and the host country where they brainstorm on the best ways for each party to benefit from the FDI.Regulations of Controlling FDI ActivitiesAccording to Srijanee, Slaughter May (2012, p. 7), even as the significance of the FDIs increase in the global economy, economists across the globe have identified the need for stable and well-tailored FDI regimes. This is due to increasing concerns about sustainability and the national well-being of different countries. For example, numerous countries across the globe have adopted regulations as one of the factors used to influence the patterns and volume of investment in foreign countries. Recently, there has been an ongoing debate concerning the appropriateness of placing restrictions on foreign direct investments. This is because the free flow of mo ney creates concerns about the potential loss of national sovereignty and other undesirable impacts. Foreign direct investment involves giving large multinational companies a large controlling stake in domestic companies. Due to these concerns, governments have imposed restrictions on inward FDI.There are different types of FDI barriers that are placed and restrictions to foreign ownership are the most common. Majority domestic ownership requirements exist in the Japanese telecommunication industry, the European Union, and North American countries, as well as the shipping in the US. Domestic ownership is allowed for natural resources. Furthermore, foreign ownership is prohibited in various countries in various sectors perceived to be sensitive to an economy. For example, in Iceland the fishing and energy sectors are prohibited, as well as the oil industry in Mexico.Some countries have placed FDI restrictions in the form of obligatory screening and approval procedures. Regulations ar e imposed such that foreign investors must prove their benefit. The stipulations inflate the cost of entry and thus discourage foreign investors. This regulation is imposed in some industries in Japan and acquisition of more than 49% stake in Mexican companies.Restrictions are placed on foreign citizens to work in or manage foreign firms. In insurance companies of countries in the European Union, financial services in Canada and transport companies in Japan, the domestic countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s citizens must form the majority of the board of directors. Some countries such as Turkey restrict the employment of foreign citizens. Operational requirements imposed by European Union countries with reference to restrictions through non-members at Cabot age for marine transport reduces the profits earned by foreign owned corporations.FDI inflows can also be regulated by opaque informal public or private measures. For instance, the system of corporate control in Japan limits investments by United States companies. In addition, regulatory practices in the telecommunication industry, the European Union restrain FDI inflows from the United States. The administrative guidance to Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s industries by the government limits foreign domination on Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s industries.According to Greg (2010, p. 216), in Australia many nations have a negative attitude towards foreign direct investment, and they do not appreciate the economic benefits that derive from access to such investment. The Lowy Institute Poll conducted in 2008 carried out on the Australiansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ views on foreign direct investment reported that 90% of those surveyed said that the authority has a duty to keep Australian companies in majority Australian control. 85% of those interviewed expressed that there is a need for strict regulation of the investments made by companies controlled by foreign governments as compared to the local organizations. In 2009, another poll was conducted, and it reported tha t 50% of those surveyed said that there was too much investment from China allowed by the Australian government. Foreign investments in Australia are regulated by the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act of 1975, as well as the Australian governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Foreign Investment Policy.Currently, the Australian government determines what is against the government interest. One of the policies put in place is that foreign persons must seek approval to acquire and control 15% and above of the voting rights in an Australian company. The government also restricts investments by foreign persons in the banking, civil aviation, telecommunication, airports and airlines, shipping and medi... Theories and Regulation of Foreign Direct Investment - 2200 Words Theories and Regulation of Foreign Direct Investment (Essay Sample) Content: Theories and Regulation of Foreign Direct InvestmentNameÂÂClassProfessorInstitutionCity and StateDateTheories and Regulation of Foreign Direct InvestmentIntroductionForeign Direct Investments are key to the world economic development, especially in the growth of an economy. The FDIs have numerous benefits to the host countries through provision of resources that may not have been otherwise available. Technological advancements, proper management of resources and the supply of capital may be some of the few benefits that may be of benefit to the host country. However, there are costs that are incurred by the same country while handling the aspect of foreign investment. Increase in foreign investments may have adverse effects on the national sovereignty of the country. This essay will analyze the theories of FDI in relation to the costs and benefits of the host country and the regulations that control FDI activity because of the risen costs to the country (Kirkp atrick Parker Zhang 2006, p. 148). The essay will also evaluate the effects associated with the application of the theories and attempts of various countries to manage FDI activities.Theories of FDI ActivitiesEden (2009, para. 2) states that the implication of FDI to host countries are usually packaged in terms of the management skills, technological advancements and the provision of capital to the host country. The study by economists in attempting to analyze further benefits to the country is mainly done through the assessment of various theories that attempt to explain FDI. Various theories have attempted to explain FDI, and they include the theory of the international product lifecycle, Japanese FDI theories, and the internalization theory.The international product life cycle theory was developed by Raymond Vernon, and it attempts to explain the patterns of international trade. Vernonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s theory suggests that a product undergoes several stages, which include the introdu ction stage where the goods are introduced into the local market before they are introduced to other countries that have the same needs and preferences. The growth stage involves introduction of a similar product in the home country and the international market. The maturity stage involves the concentration on the producer with the lowest costs of production while the saturation stage involves the stability of the product on the market. The decline stage constitutes the markets for the products when the demand decreases (Denisia 2010, p. 106).The flow of FDI in a particular country with reference to the product life cycle theory involves the maturity and decline phase. Based on this theory, firms usually set up in countries where the products have already achieved success, and the cost of production is at its least. The benefits are derived by the host country when a foreign firm stays in the market of the host country, which will increase the profits and economic growth. The compet ition in the market changes based on the existing international goods on the market with little focus placed on the quality of the goods (Yoo 2010, p. 646).Das (2013, p. 6) states that the Japanese FDI theories are based on Micheal Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s ideas (Porterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s five forces) of analyzing the business environment. The Japanese FDI theories center on a foreign market entering a country that is not well developed to take advantage of lower production costs. This means that there is a minimum outflow of FDI from the country, but the maximum inflow of the same. As more FDIs flow in, the economy of the country increases and the costs of labor increase, which in turn raises the standards of living for the people and improves the economy. As the country becomes more innovative, the FDI is motivated by technological and market factors because the country is well developed through foreign investments.The application of the Japanese FDI theory analyzes market competitiveness and economic development based on the five forces by Michael Porter. These include the threats of new entrants, the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, threats of substitute products and the rivalry among the competitors in the market (Porter, 2008, para. 5). The factors affect the levels of foreign investments for both internal and external investors, which in turn affect the growth of the economy, which is a benefit to the host country.Lopes (2010, p. 6) describes the internalization theory as the alternate ways in which international firms may analyze its competence with reference to different regions of investment. The internalization theory of FDI is based on the growth of the multinational companies because of their motivations to achieve FDI. Buckley and Casson (2009, p. 16) describe the theory as one that defines the boundaries of organizations and where the boundaries of the host country lie in terms of foreign investments. The benefits derived from the FDI by the host co untry range from innovative and corporate growth, which is also affected by the cultures of the country. The restrictions in the country bring about the aspect of rationalization by both the firm and the host country where they brainstorm on the best ways for each party to benefit from the FDI.Regulations of Controlling FDI ActivitiesAccording to Srijanee, Slaughter May (2012, p. 7), even as the significance of the FDIs increase in the global economy, economists across the globe have identified the need for stable and well-tailored FDI regimes. This is due to increasing concerns about sustainability and the national well-being of different countries. For example, numerous countries across the globe have adopted regulations as one of the factors used to influence the patterns and volume of investment in foreign countries. Recently, there has been an ongoing debate concerning the appropriateness of placing restrictions on foreign direct investments. This is because the free flow of mo ney creates concerns about the potential loss of national sovereignty and other undesirable impacts. Foreign direct investment involves giving large multinational companies a large controlling stake in domestic companies. Due to these concerns, governments have imposed restrictions on inward FDI.There are different types of FDI barriers that are placed and restrictions to foreign ownership are the most common. Majority domestic ownership requirements exist in the Japanese telecommunication industry, the European Union, and North American countries, as well as the shipping in the US. Domestic ownership is allowed for natural resources. Furthermore, foreign ownership is prohibited in various countries in various sectors perceived to be sensitive to an economy. For example, in Iceland the fishing and energy sectors are prohibited, as well as the oil industry in Mexico.Some countries have placed FDI restrictions in the form of obligatory screening and approval procedures. Regulations ar e imposed such that foreign investors must prove their benefit. The stipulations inflate the cost of entry and thus discourage foreign investors. This regulation is imposed in some industries in Japan and acquisition of more than 49% stake in Mexican companies.Restrictions are placed on foreign citizens to work in or manage foreign firms. In insurance companies of countries in the European Union, financial services in Canada and transport companies in Japan, the domestic countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s citizens must form the majority of the board of directors. Some countries such as Turkey restrict the employment of foreign citizens. Operational requirements imposed by European Union countries with reference to restrictions through non-members at Cabot age for marine transport reduces the profits earned by foreign owned corporations.FDI inflows can also be regulated by opaque informal public or private measures. For instance, the system of corporate control in Japan limits investments by United States companies. In addition, regulatory practices in the telecommunication industry, the European Union restrain FDI inflows from the United States. The administrative guidance to Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s industries by the government limits foreign domination on Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s industries.According to Greg (2010, p. 216), in Australia many nations have a negative attitude towards foreign direct investment, and they do not appreciate the economic benefits that derive from access to such investment. The Lowy Institute Poll conducted in 2008 carried out on the Australiansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ views on foreign direct investment reported that 90% of those surveyed said that the authority has a duty to keep Australian companies in majority Australian control. 85% of those interviewed expressed that there is a need for strict regulation of the investments made by companies controlled by foreign governments as compared to the local organizations. In 2009, another poll was conducted, and it reported tha t 50% of those surveyed said that there was too much investment from China allowed by the Australian government. Foreign investments in Australia are regulated by the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act of 1975, as well as the Australian governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Foreign Investment Policy.Currently, the Australian government determines what is against the government interest. One of the policies put in place is that foreign persons must seek approval to acquire and control 15% and above of the voting rights in an Australian company. The government also restricts investments by foreign persons in the banking, civil aviation, telecommunication, airports and airlines, shipping and medi...

How Do You Solve a Colonial History Question?

<h1>How Do You Solve a Colonial History Question?</h1><p>Sample paper inquiries to comprehend provincial history. How would you understand a frontier history question? There are numerous valid justifications for doing a frontier history paper, however I think the principle one is on the grounds that it gives understudies a valid justification to find out about the historical backdrop of America. By far most of individuals don't find out about pilgrim history in schools; most simply know nothing about the early years.</p><p></p><p>So how would you settle a pioneer history? One route is to give them their very own task to finish on the subject - in spite of the fact that that can be exceptionally exhausting, it can likewise be more fascinating than simply perusing an essay!</p><p></p><p>The second path is to simply take a training paper and afterward see some example articles to perceive how well they answer the issue. T he majority of these examples originate from huge test sheets; that is not very astonishing. They have the best, most exceptional forms of all their example articles, so they're great in the event that you need to do a ton of training and figure out how to unravel frontier history questions.</p><p></p><p>Write your paper first. Compose a paper that addresses the inquiry 'How would you comprehend a provincial history?' Then answer it as well as can be expected, both regarding words and in the style of the example essay.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing the example article, take care to ensure that the example exposition portrays the inquiries precisely. That way you know precisely what the inquiries are. It's very simple to meander into a similar sort of issue as the test board - utilize the inquiries as a guide for how you should state your article, however don't attempt to coordinate them exactly.</p><p></p><p& gt;You can likewise utilize these example expositions as an approach to find out about provincial history and American history. Simply read one (or a few!) and inquire as to whether there is something in particular about it that you can see applying to present day times.</p><p></p><p>Or you could simply revise the exposition question to apply to your own understanding. Attempt various things, include new data, change it to accommodate your life. This will keep you propelled to invest more exertion and to peruse a greater amount of the example articles. Inevitably you'll turn out to be awesome at re-composing these article questions.</p><p></p><p>Remember to work on utilizing your creative mind, to utilize the instances of frontier history that you find in different sources. These models can be valuable when you do your own exploration, since you'll have the option to relate them to your own circumstance. What's more, you'll be perusing frontier history papers, too.</p>

Online Resources for Writing AP Essay

<h1>Online Resources for Writing AP Essay</h1><p>Most undergrads are currently very much aware of the significance of composing an AP Exam Essay. That implies that a ton of them are presently searching for a decent approach. In any case, when you investigate the subtleties of AP Exam Essay you will see that there are barely any tips that would be helpful to everybody. The first is that you ought not just compose the paper; you ought to likewise edit and alter it.</p><p></p><p>It is a basic advance which includes finding and fix botches in the whole article with the goal that the normal denotes that your grade gets the chance to come in positive imprint. That is the reason, after you have composed the paper, you should ensure that all the focuses are being explained. Simply after that you can proceed with the altering process.</p><p></p><p>Other AP's article tests and headings propose the peruser to consider the materia l inside and out as they can be discovered on the web. It is extremely fitting for you to investigate the site of the school that you intend to enter the test for study.</p><p></p><p>This way you would see whether the assessment locales have made any alterations in the paper before you submit it for perusing. In any case, you have to observe that there are likewise a few universities who don't permit you to transfer your own essays.</p><p></p><p>If they have done this, at that point you ought not expect much as far as their assurance that your composing will show signs of improvement after some time. They have thought of other article tests which you can utilize, yet for you to have the option to prevail upon your closest rivals, you ought to consistently be prepared to make the important changes.</p><p></p><p>What I have seen from my experience, is that a few people who exceed expectations in making papers are totally unconscious of the way that there are basic ways for them to get the ideal exposition for AP Exam. In any case, that is something which no one but you can think about, as you would discover in time.</p><p></p><p>Once you know this, you would have the option to utilize the AP paper tests all alone and enhance your composing aptitudes. There are many tips and procedures you can gain from these example papers and a great deal of these would prove to be useful. There are additionally loads of different materials like AP Exam Essay Designs which you could attempt out.</p>

How to Write a Six Page Essay in Two Days

Step by step instructions to Write a Six Page Essay in Two DaysWriting a six page article in two days is by all accounts a fantasy for some understudies. This is on the grounds that they figure it is incomprehensible and that they don't possess the energy for such a task. In any case, such reasoning is a typical misconception.Most of us believe that the truth of composing a six page paper in two days will overcome us on the off chance that we are so resolved to accomplish this. This isn't the situation by any stretch of the imagination. You should simply to figure out how to approach accomplishing it.You must realize that you can concoct a last report that will dazzle and excite your colleagues. You can be among the best among them also. The more exertion you put into the procedure, the better the outcomes will be. All things considered, the time you need to spend on the undertaking will decide the nature of the last product.It is likewise important that you figure out how to compose a theory explanation, which will assist you with organizing your musings and your primary concerns. Ensure you realize how to appropriately utilize proposal proclamations and what they mean. You should ensure that you don't simply toss them out on the table and expectation they'll bode well. They will.You should likewise consider who your intended interest group is and what they would anticipate from you. One of the most significant pieces of your paper is the point. Regardless of whether you need to examine things like history, society, theory, brain science, and so on., it is urgent that you realize how to compose a paper such that will fulfill the needs of your objective audience.Your exposition will come to fruition once you begin to look into on your point. After you are finished with this, you should get ready for your research.You can look online for assets on the subject that you will examine. On the off chance that you are perusing for the sake of entertainment, at that po int you may decide to skim over the sources, however it is significant that you do your examination. This will assist you with thinking of the best postulation explanation, the best end, and the most exact understandings of your sources.If you are as yet stressed over what to expound on, you can generally approach your individual cohorts for their composing encounters. This will assist you with getting a thought on how they do it. Obviously, you can't reorder their thoughts, yet you can ad lib and incorporate your very own portion thoughts. This will assist you with giving a thought of how they do it.Finally, remember to modify your exposition. Despite the fact that it might appear that it has gone as of now, you ought to return to it and re-try it. This is significant in such a case that you don't re-read your exposition, it might be misinterpreted by your schoolmates.

Case Study Method - A Brief Explanation

<h1>Case Study Method - A Brief Explanation</h1><p>The Case Study Method is a framework where the association individuals would need to move toward the entire issue of the business with a receptive outlook and the idea of business and how to execute. The general objective of the framework is reach inferences that the gathering should actualize and additionally choose if it is for sure attainable to do so.</p><p></p><p>Once the underlying choice has been made, the task chief would be the one to execute the framework and present the data on it to the workers just as customers. While this may sound more advantageous than a talk, yet I guarantee you it won't be simple for some as it will require trust among all the colleagues and a great deal of motivation.</p><p></p><p>As a consequence of having the option to see the data at an essential level, they can experience it and decipher the thoughts for execution. The data would at present be introduced in a shut structure, yet the individual understanding that was acquired would now be able to be utilized as a source of perspective just as a factor to reach inferences. This will make the procedure increasingly viable in light of the fact that the individual individuals will know precisely what they are getting into.</p><p></p><p>After seeing the venture proposition, colleagues ought to examine their contemplations and strategy. What objectives were set when the organization was shaped and how can it feel like a task manager?</p><p></p><p>Next, when this is done, an examination paper on the business and its advantages would be made with the individuals that were included and doled out to inquire about the upsides and downsides of the thought. The paper would incorporate the suggestion that was talked about before, an examination of the upsides of the undertaking and any conceivable drawbacks.</p><p&g t;</p><p>After it has been gathered, the individuals from the group will currently be approached to follow up on it. With all the current data, the group can decide the best arrangement and from that point forward, execute it. It will make a superior organization, increasingly viable and fun.</p><p></p><p>With this strategy, the fundamental choice is being investigated first and afterward the others would follow. This will guarantee that each colleague comprehends their job and furthermore allows them to talk about the idea.</p>

Writing Vietnam Essay Topics: Why Students Still Choose Vietnam Essay Topics Over English

<h1>Writing Vietnam Essay Topics: Why Students Still Choose Vietnam Essay Topics Over English</h1><p>Have you at any point wondered why the Vietnam article themes have been well known thus much looked for after? The straightforward answer is that since Vietnam has been and keeps on being a wellspring of crude ability. Numerous people in our nation need to work with Vietnamese.</p><p></p><p>In the English talking world, Vietnamese is the primary language of the dominant part. Numerous individuals communicate in Vietnamese. To see the amount of an effect English has on the world and in the United States, take a stab at getting Vietnamese or English exercises at a center school or secondary school. The outcomes are very interesting.</p><p></p><p>The grown-ups that take the English classes recollect it, however the children that communicate in English at home think that its supportive to have somebody who can tune in and c hat with them. They feel increasingly great discussing things that they don't comprehend, or feel totally out of their profundity. In any event that is the thing that most grown-ups report.</p><p></p><p>Another favorable position of taking English classes is that you can ask your kid what the person needs to learn. You can converse with your youngster about learning Vietnamese. There are numerous purposes behind this. The individual in question may have attempted to learn English or another dialect however now understands that it is basically too difficult.</p><p></p><p>With the educational cost to get an English program and the material that accompany it, a ton of youngsters can't bear to pay for it. Rather than them seeking after this sort of instruction, they will proceed onward to different projects that will offer the equivalent or more for less cash. On the off chance that you decide to show English in Vietnam, you can likewise p rofit by the rising prevalence of English exercises in the Vietnamese language.</p><p></p><p>One approach to train English in Vietnam is through the Internet. There are numerous language schools, just as private guides that can show English in Vietnam. Be that as it may, recollect, it takes duty, just as time. Without sufficient opportunity, you may not get familiar with as well as can be expected, or you may find that the nature of the educating is lacking.</p><p></p><p>It is conceivable to show English in Vietnam, without knowing the language. You can discover Vietnamese language and composing tips on the web, in Vietnamese gatherings, and in print distributions. This implies you can convey in a third language while as yet having the option to understand the composed structures. The learning procedure will never be as quick or simple as one would trust, yet it will pay off in the end.</p>

Death of the Moth Essay Topics

<h1>Death of the Moth Essay Topics</h1><p>Death of the moth exposition subjects are extraordinary for understudies who need to take on difficulties and receive the benefits. Numerous understudies investigate themes that are exceptionally overwhelming with testing components, however really the best subject is one that is fascinating and that is anything but difficult to consider. Here and there the points are difficult to learn and may not be agreeable for the understudies on the off chance that they are too difficult.</p><p></p><p>The first and most significant perspective that understudies ought to be cautious about is picking their theme dependent on trouble. That implies they ought to pick subjects that are troublesome however fascinating. It would be an incredible plan to begin composing articles and conceptualizing on the point to perceive what thoughts the understudies can concoct to compose. Now, understudies need to make a rundown of subjects and the ones that would destined to be acceptable subjects.</p><p></p><p>Once the thoughts come, understudies should consider which are the most straightforward subjects. This will get them out somehow or another and permit them to have less time to chip away at the remainder of the points. To figure out which subjects are simple, understudies need to take a gander at how they are categorized.</p><p></p><p>For model, on the off chance that they are composing an article on authentic subjects, they can take a gander at how those subjects can be written in a true to life group. The authentic foundation of the subject can be utilized to help show how the chronicled occasions in the past were seen or what the present view on those occasions are. Understudies can utilize this plan to assist them with making a convincing history exposition topic.</p><p></p><p>Ideas for subjects ought to be sent to the educato r so they can survey them. In the event that the thoughts are energizing and can stand the trial of time, the educators will give their endorsement to compose regarding the matter. It is in every case best to send in thoughts so the educator has something to offer the understudies to talk about.</p><p></p><p>These days, understudies can attempt to discover free administrations that are online that can assist them with their paper points. These sites will help with breaking down the subjects that they have chosen.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies will find that they will have the option to give the entirety of the conceivable exposition points so they can finish their assignments quicker. There are a lot of sites that will assist understudies with their point determination, yet it is best that they take a gander at the assets online that can help them the most.</p><p></p><p>Death of the moth article subjects are no t exceptionally troublesome, yet they require a great deal of time to finish. The better exposition points are the ones that are one of a kind and give extraordinary substance to the understudy to write.</p>

The Concept Of Dual Phase Steels - 1146 Words

â€Å"Production process for ferrite-martensite DP600 steel with 30-35% total elongation† Team Members- Kishan - B.Tech (Juniour Undergraduate), Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, IIT (BHU) – 13145020 Lal Babu Singh - B.Tech (Juniour Undergraduate), Dept. of Metallurgical Engineering, IIT (BHU) – 13145024 Contents: 1. The Concept of Dual Phase steels. 2. Factors influencing mechanical properties of Dual Phase steels. 3. The Challenge: Increasing total elongation without compromising other mechanical properties. 4. References. 1. The Concept of Dual Phase steels The need for reduction in weight of heavy vehicles is increasing day after day. Reduction of weight results in reduced fuel consumption which results in a†¦show more content†¦Table 1. Chemical composition of DP600 steel Steel grade C Max Si max Mn Max P Max S Max Al Nb Max Cr+Ni+Cu Max DP 600 0.14 0.50 1.40 0.085 0.008 0.02-0.06 0.009 1.30 Dual phase steel has a microstructure which consists of two phases, Ferrite and Martensite (Fig.1). Generally, DP600 steels have a tensile strength of around 600 MPa and total elongation of about 20-25% (Fig2). The tensile strength of DP600 steel can vary from 580-670 MPa.Write uses . Other advantages of DP600 steels are better work-hardening and bake-hardening properties with excellent fatigue strength. Fig 1. The microstructure of DP600 steel at different magnifIATions with dark martensite grains in a white ferrite matrix. Fig 2. Engineering stress vs engineering strain curve for DP 600 steel(source: autosteel.org) There are three basic approaches by which DP steels are produced commercially: 1. During the hot rolling cycles, only dual phases can be formed. 2. Hot or cold rolled strip is uncoiled, and continuous annealing is done at the Intercritical annealing temperature. 3. Batch annealing could also be done. Hot or cold rolled strip is annealed under coiled condition. 2. Factors influencing mechanical properties and failure mechanism of Dual Phase steels. Damage mechanism of a given dual phase steels are affected by their chemical

What Is So Fascinating About Social Commentary Essay Topics?

<h1> What Is So Fascinating About Social Commentary Essay Topics? </h1> <h2> Whispered Social Commentary Essay Topics Secrets </h2> <p>Writing is agonizingly difficult to do. You ought to have aptitudes to make an incredible paper. </p> <p>Although decision is a briefest part of any exploration paper however assumes a basic job in shutting a long report. It's conceivable to either take any latest or old research work or you may likewise compose idea exposition regarding the matter of any researcher and his works up to this point. It is essential for humankind to utilize their comprehension and exertion in elevating society through academe and cultural establishments. In the event that you have adequate comprehension about your field, it shouldn't be difficult for you to make a discourse. </p> <p>As you cooperate, you likely expand the perfect research question at the quickest pace. Likewise, a few slip-ups must be gained for the g round to happen, and everything should be addressed for the responses to show up. Rather, the sarcastic tone is proposed to censure English treatment of Ireland, notwithstanding Irish carelessness in the issue. </p> <h2> The Little-Known Secrets to Social Commentary Essay Topics </h2> <p>College is for a high level of study. The goal of doling out an article to center school understudies is to make mindfulness and license them to create composing abilities. They likewise start to depict how they might want their political contender to look. They will take a gander at different craftsmen political and social issues. </p> <p>So nations which don't have any beach front or bumpy regions might not be able to take any profit of wind power. The administration is easy to utilize and extremely proficient in examination with others in serving the indistinguishable purpose. Along these lines, it's constantly encouraged to do a reasonable research before sele cting a particular help. Along these lines, the basic availability to the web empowers individuals to associate and system with various countries and be presented to their societies. </p> <h2> Understanding Social Commentary Essay Topics </h2> <p>You're a genuine subject lover! A digital recording about get-aways that you haven't taken. Creator analysis specifies a PC! Conceptualize with your companions to build up the rundown of fabulous point thoughts. </p> <p>Even in the event that you think in a particular contention unequivocally, in the event that you do not have the proof to show your point, at that point your contention may very well be as extraordinary as lost. Use all you know to uncover your perception of the planet, and bring out old fashioned philosophical speculations. Recollect you ought to likewise talk with your instructor before choosing a particular inquiry or issue to cover. It isn't workable for me to convey any models without knowing your region. </p> <p>Conclusion is the essence of your whole investigation with the goal that it should be convincing and intriguing your crowd needs to consider it or it needs to rouse them to execute certain activities. Guardians additionally utilizes the portrayal of Rorschach as a way to give the crowd beneficial subtleties. To begin with you might want to make sure to know who your crowd will be on the grounds that you wish to compose for that crowd. The crowd ought to watch characters whose brains are distorted as well as whose lives are more terrible because of their childhood, and the crowd must feel for them. </p> <p>As soon as you have bought in to the master administrations of a specific site for discovering somebody over web, it is beyond the realm of imagination that you quit scanning for choices then,. It is basic for people to utilize web based life sites these days to be in normal contact with their loved ones over web. There's a huge answer for your issue! When choosing your social issues subject, attempt to recall that it's constantly far superior to expound on something you're as of now pretty much familiar with. </p> <p>Because you are talking about both these perspectives, you must stay concentrated on a solitary view in 1 passage. You will probably locate an alternate and astonishing theme you will love to expound on. The most effective method to create a perfect BAND 9 paper contingent upon the brief Discuss the two perspectives'. </p> <p>So guarantee that you select a subject, which has values in it. The words should be explicit and specific to the point and shouldn't go amiss the most significant thought. You can characterize the concealed words in the subject of the idea article. </p> <p>Creative thoughts can't be produced by everybody for everyone isn't talented with inventiveness. You buy some nourishment for the whole week to encourage some sort of feast prepared fitness. Not every person is a decent cook, however everybody acknowledges a marvelous supper. As a result the neighborhood and regular suppers are being censured. </p> <h2>Who Else Wants to Learn About Social Commentary Essay Topics? </h2> <p>Outline quickly the fundamental riddle you're probably going to deal with. In addition, it says to focus on the given assignment, and don't stray from the focal thought. The key thought to manage as a top priority here is you don't remark your recollections you retell t hem. In the first place, the thoughts should be new and significant. </p> <h2> Ruthless Social Commentary Essay Topics Strategies Exploited</h2> <p>You may bungle through composition, or you may study and practice and produce the aptitude. Another indispensable issue is identified with the language of cureand mending. Additionally, you may likewise take a shot at the idea supporting the inception of the word. Being an illogical type of individual I thought I would do well to encourage something which didn't include an over the top measure of science or use of handtools. </p>

Writing An Essay For Masters Program

Writing An Essay For Masters ProgramStudents who are thinking about applying to the master's degree program of their choice should learn how to write an essay for a master's program. Writing the essay is not hard to do. It is just that some students often use inappropriate words, use grammar and spelling errors, or omit vital details in their essay. This means that the other students in the course won't be able to read the essay as well as the students who practiced their skills on a sample essay before they wrote theirs.First, it is essential to choose a topic that is related to the essay that you will be writing. Once you have done this, pick the exact topic of your essay that you will be writing on. There are no rules to follow when writing the sample essay because you can just make use of what you have learned in class.Select an essay topic that you will be tackling. You can select any topic that you feel like tackling the master's level essay. What you need to remember is that w hen you write the sample essay, don't forget to practice your skills on your essay and revise it as much as possible before you actually submit it to your professors for approval.After you have chosen the topic for your sample essay, you can then go over it and edit it in your own handwriting. It is better if you do this after you have written the essay on a separate sheet of paper.After the sample essay is written, you can now fill out the required information about the students who are taking the course. List the student's name, student ID number, and the date that the students will be appearing in the course. If you have requested their own essay for the master's program, it would be a good idea to get their signature as well. This will serve as proof of the date of the student's appearance in the course.Also, include information about the student's gender, age, location, and other students in the class. The more information that you include, the better. You may also want to crea te a 'Thank You' section in the essay for your potential employer.You may also want to review your essay before you submit it. Remember that your previous essay was only a guide. You can never expect to get a job if you are unable to write well and deliver an excellent presentation in your oral presentation. You need to be able to write with a complete sentence structure and complete paragraphs.You can see that there are so many things that you need to learn to write an essay for a master's degree program. There are not many sample essays available on the internet. The main thing that you can do to prepare yourself is to study the topic that you will be writing and then write an essay that includes the topics that you have learned in class.

Essay Topics For College Essay - Writing A Good Essay Topic

<h1>Essay Topics For College Essay - Writing A Good Essay Topic</h1><p>Preparing a decent paper for the SAT or ACT isn't as simple as one would might suspect it seems to be. What numerous understudies don't understand is that there are various exposition themes, yet these are the ones that are most generally utilized by teachers and test takers the same. Not exclusively is a decent article subject significant, yet an exposition theme is significant as well.</p><p></p><p>There are a few key focuses that ought to be viewed as while looking for conceivable paper points. One of the most significant angles is picking a point that is fascinating and that can fill in for instance for all other topics.</p><p></p><p>Another significant thought is that the theme should be pertinent to the understudies' present profession or other intrigue. For instance, if an understudy needs to advance a specific vocation change thought, for ex ample, going for an alternate proficient baseball crew, at that point the composition on this subject may need to remember data for such themes as how such a change will influence the understudy's present situation in their profession. Another piece of the article's substance ought to incorporate the understudy's inspiration for the change. This will be a significant part of the exposition since understudies will need to have the most important data and points of view about the change they wish to present to others in the class.</p><p></p><p>Other key paper themes may incorporate your assessments about the subjects you expound on. In the event that you feel firmly about a thought and wish to impart it to the class, at that point you can utilize the segment of the paper wherein you do as such to give the data that you feel will enable the class to value your view.</p><p></p><p>Even in the event that you don't feel certain about offering your input in the area about your musings, yet you despite everything wish to introduce this theme, at that point you should inquire about progressively about it. Most schools and colleges don't generally require article subjects or subjects for expositions, however you will at present need to think about the themes before composing the essay.</p><p></p><p>One of the most significant components of a decent paper point is ensuring that the thoughts that you set forth are exact. To do this, you should peruse your point and ensure that you see the entirety of the material that you are expounding on. You likewise need to ensure that the thoughts that you will remember for your exposition are not usually known, yet that they have been a subject of discussion among numerous understudies in the course of the last not many years.</p><p></p><p>Finally, these are only the absolute most significant parts of a decent article theme. Understudies n eed to discover a point that is both applicable and intriguing. It is additionally critical to realize what inquiries to pose about the theme before composing the essay.</p>

Where to Start College Essay Writing?

Where to Start College Essay Writing?College essays can be extremely tricky things. The majority of them are done in a rush when you're trying to get your grade up or the professor wants you to write something. You want to be able to craft the best one possible, but the rules of college essays are so unique that you may find yourself getting lost among the plethora of options and methods.The best advice on how to write a college essay is to just do it right the first time. If you write well, people will remember your essay when you come to take your exams in college. Your essay should be high quality and detail packed, and when you get to take the test, you should not have any trouble passing it with flying colors.One of the most common techniques used for writing an essay is called the Beginning of the Essay. This begins with an introduction. At the beginning of your essay, you need to come up with an introduction paragraph that tells a little bit about who you are, what you hope to accomplish with your essay, and what you're hoping to achieve with your essay as well. All the different information you're going to put into this introduction is going to help it stand out when you're creating it later down the line.One of the best introductions is a Personal Statement. It's a great way to start your essay and it will let people know why you're a good candidate for the college they're taking. It will also help you answer questions about yourself and give you a chance to talk about your career goals as well.Another thing that people like to use when writing an essay, especially how to write a college essay, is citing sources. While you may think that citing sources is a little complicated, it's actually quite simple. You're going to want to quote information from other places that support your information.In the end, writing a good essay doesn't have to be complicated. You don't want to go off into paragraphs explaining everything that you're writing about, because this can easily turn a simple essay into something that's very confusing. Just keep it simple, make sure you properly cite your sources, and you'll be fine.Now that you know where to start writing an essay, there are a few other things that you need to do as well. One of these is to make sure you work on your grammar. Grammar is extremely important and you should always make sure that your essay is grammatically correct before submitting it.In conclusion, the best piece of advice on how to write a college essay is to not overthink it. There are a lot of different strategies that you can use when it comes to how to write a college essay. You just need to choose the one that works best for you should be able to write an interesting, well-structured, and well-written essay within no time at all.

What to Expect From Film Analysis Essay Structure?

What to Expect From Film Analysis Essay Structure? If this is the case, you most likely have a strong opinion you wish to express, and it's very likely you have spent a great deal of time contemplating your critical analysis. The second one is going to help to see the important detail for analysis. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. The most important undertaking of a writer working on the movie analysis is to value the bit of cinematography and express one's understanding of the very item. A movie review needs to be enhanced with the statements expressing a personal comprehension of a writer along with include author's points concerning the standard of the movie, professionalism of specialists, who were working on the invention of a movie in addition to evaluation of the principal problems discussed in the movie. There are many ways of writing a movie analysis, which serve various purposes. With these suggestions, your film analysis is likely to be great, yet there's a way to make it even better! Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Film Analysis Essay Structure Is Wrong Actually, you'll need to work a little as well. The overall impression is spoiled by numerous plot inconsistencies. Today, however, it's understood that film shouldn't be compared to reality, while it is to gauge the gap between r eality and depiction, or to measure the truth of the depiction. 1 thing I want to point out is the way the story doesn't shy away from her god-heritage and the way that dictates her interactions with other people. The 5-Minute Rule for Film Analysis Essay Structure It is possible to also make an argument about the way the characters are affected by the setting of the film. Don't forget that you are to be quite careful with expressing your own personal views about the movie. Now Harvey Milk was outed. Reading example essays works the exact same way! They may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. You are more inclined to receive a better essay when you register and directly request an example essay. This essay was submitted by an essential essay and effect essay sample topics for additional reading, we offer excellent essay. In lots of ways, you've got to consider a movie critique in the exact same way which you would view an important book analysis. Each review is unique, that is precisely why it is not easy to find two similar papers that concern precisely the same film, as every individual becomes impressed differently. Your review needs to be objective and biased. Writing a film review isn't unlike writing the very same paper about a book. If you are aware of how to compose a film critique essay, not one of this will appear overwhelming. Being assigned a film analysis essay could just be the absolute most exciting assignment you've ever had! Writings about films are also rather common. Write an essay comparing the plots of two unique films frequently categorized in the same genre. Let's see ways to get started. Cutting film is actually very much an issue of feeling and rhythm, and a cut that's off rhythm will be disturbing and you'll feel it. To mention a few, you ought to be acquainted with the shooting background, the script, the cast selection procedure, the production stages and so a lot more details which take time and effort to investigate and analyze. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Film Analysis Essay Structure The minimal angle, provides the audience the feel of being right in the center of the action. Sooner or later, it's not brute force that will stop the current brute force. Write about subjective camera work in the event the analysis is dealing with a region of the movie shot from the standpoint of one of the characters. There's nobody correct answer on which sort of a character is Macbeth. In the end, however, analysis of film isn't too different. If you really need to discuss it, you have to watch the movie twice. As you analyze the movie, you begin to watch it more attentively. A film exists out of thousands of shots, which is the reason why it's so much more difficult to read. The summary ought to be competent and include the critical info about the movie. You've got to present the overall info and characteristics, which enable the reader to find acquainted with the film. Critically engage the movie so you can effectively create a strong essay. The movie review essay ought to be detailed enough following the 5 components of a movie review.

Private Schools Vs Public Schools - 921 Words

When it comes to a child’s education, parents want the best the school has to offer their children. Parents want a prosperous future for their child which is not only health, but a well-educated one. Education is of the utmost importance especially because it will impact the child the most in the long run. Private schools offer ample education opportunities. There are some factors to consider when choose a private school education over a public one. Many times, the private schools are religious are having certain beliefs embedded in the curriculum that parents may not practice at home. To ensure that a child will be successful academically, it is best to enroll in private school. Granted, the path is easier than the other. Public schools allow all children to become enroll; parents do not have to worry about monthly dues. There are ways to ensure our youth to obtain a quality education that could lead to higher education opportunities within the private school system. Private schools have the reputation of being a school for the wealthy socioeconomic class. While private schools offer ample education opportunities yet of the services are of those of religious beliefs; however, not everyone follows the religion thus limiting student from becoming enrolled in a private school. One path is easier than the other. Public schools allow all children to become enroll; parents do not need to worry about paying the school tuition. Private schools are known for provide a betterShow MoreRelatedPrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat private school is more expensive than public school, but has it ever occurred to you why it is like this? Private schools are not just trying to take your money, they are just trying to provide a quality education, without the government funding that public schools get. The tuition money goes to very important things; high quality teachers, better resources and the overall quality and stability of the institutio n. It is true that private school tuition is expensive, but private schools haveRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthink of private schools they often think of a quality of education that cannot be found in a public school. Private school education is thought of to be so thorough and innovative that public vouchers are given to individuals just to attend. Many parents could rest easier at night if their kids could attend private school because for generations it has been drilled into the psyche of many that going to private school is a sure way to have a good future. In actuality however, private schools are notRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1428 Words   |  6 Pagesstudy in private schools, which almost represents the fifth of students in Saudi Arabia. Although a lot of families prefer to make their children study in private school, that does not mean they are completely satisfied about the schools’ quality and their childrenâ €™ achievement (Al-Hagbani, 2013). Nevertheless, they still enroll their children in private schools, believing they will benefit more from studying in private schools than public schools. In addition, some parents believe that private schoolsRead MorePrivate Schools Vs Public Schools1207 Words   |  5 PagesAn Introduction of the Topic Private schools differ from public schools for many different reasons. The major difference is that the government, unlike private schools that are privately funded, funds public schools. Another difference would be that the private schools have more flexibility on what they can teach because the government does not fund them. One other difference that is very prevalent is the social goals of schooling. This topic is a very important issue that many parents struggle withRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Public Schools998 Words   |  4 Pagesnation. People today might say that private schools are superior to public schools, saying that they are safer and a better environment to learn in. Some might say that a private school is a way of sheltering your child and not letting them experience opportunities and face many problems to learn from. There are many positives and negatives to both sides; it mainly depends on whom you are talking to. Some parents might want their child to go to a pri vate school because the class size is smaller andRead MorePublic Schools vs. Private Schools1027 Words   |  4 Pagesare things to consider before choosing to send your child to a public school or private school. Perhaps doing so would be much easier if you would take the time to research the differences between the two. Public schools are better than private schools because of the diversity, funding and extracurricular activities available. Eileen Gale Kugler, a national advocate for diverse schools, wrote an article about how the diversity in schools makes academic and social improvements. She recalls a memoryRead More Private Schools vs. Public Schools870 Words   |  4 PagesChoosing between a public or a private school for one’s education is as important as deciding where to invest one’s hard-earned money—the consequences influence one’s life forever. In the United States, it is the law for every child to be educated. However, the decision as to where to go for one’s education is up to each individual. There is a great deal of debate as to which is the better option: for-profit private schools or one’s local public school. Ultimately, the decision is made regardingRead MorePrivate Schools vs. Public Schools 1081 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever attended a private institution? What was your experience like? Think back and compare it to your ideal public school, which on e happens to pale in comparison? Public schools, which are controlled by the government, and heavily influenced, by politicians and privateers, hurt your children, not allowing them to reap the full benefits of their growing mind. â€Å"Our schools have been scientifically designed to prevent over-education from happening. The average American [should be] contentRead MorePrivate School Vs. Public School1254 Words   |  6 PagesThesis: Private school students are more likely to have a better viewpoint in learning, a firm stance in education, and will be more successful in colleges than of public school students. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: According to NCES data, 88 percent of private high school students apply to college, compared to 57 percent of public high school students. Every day parents contemplate whether to send their children to private or public school. There are many dangers that come with public schoolRead MorePublic Schools Vs. Private Schools1638 Words   |  7 Pageshaving children many parents question which school system is better suited for their kids and which aspect is more important, convenience or quality education? Some people believe the public schools provide the same education but at a lower cost. Tooley, Dixon, and Gomathi state â€Å"many assume that private education is concerned only with serving the privileged, so is irrelevant to concerns about extending access to the poor.† Although there are some private schools that are expensive, most are affordable

Yizhou Feng free essay sample

The case is about Porsche using cash-settled options to obtain control of Volkswagen silently and TCI and 3G using TRS to get control over ownership of CSX to initiate a meeting of changing the board members of CSX. In this report, I will detailed analysis how they processed their strategy using equity derivatives and what was the result. I will further discuss whether it is good thing to have CEO involved in equity derivative trading and whether the disclosure requirement should be mandatory for equity derivatives. Porsche and Volkswagen Case Background The main players in this case are Porsche and Volkswagen, which had a very long and interwoven history back in 1931. The famous VW Beetle was created by Ferdinand Porsche in 1931, who was also the founder of the luxury car manufacturer Porsche and the grandfather to the board chairmen of both Porsche and Volkswagen. Around 2000, the political environment for foreign investors, who had held more than 5000 German firms, changed a lot due to German politicians vilifying them and clamouring for more domestic ownership. Following this political pursuit, in 2005, to support a German Solution to the takeover dilemma and to match the 20% ownership held by the state of Lower Saxony, Wendelin Wiedeking, the CEO of Porsche, announced the intention of the company to purchase 20 percent of Volkswagen stock. In 2007, the company increased the holding to 30 percent, which gave a positive signal to German legislators to put pressure on Porsche to continue the buying action. Porsche said no in response surprisingly. However, in a less than a year, the board backed its CEOs decision to increase its position in ownership of Volkswagen to 50%, and soon after this the company again denied rumours saying it will buy up to 75% of shares. This happened between March and October, and finished the prologue of this story, when the closed price for Volksawagen was â‚ ¬211. The main chapter begun exactly on October 26, Porsches board disclosed that it held 42. 6 percent of Volkswagen shares along with cash-settled options accounting for 31. 5 percent of the company. This was really bombshell in the market, since only 5. 9 percent of shares can be used as offset by those short-sellers. As a result, Volkswagens share price increased as five times as it was in two days and this costed billions of loss to those who betted against Volkswagens stock. (See Exhibit 3 in Appendix) Analysis and Conclusion Cash-settled options are option contracts in which settlement is completed by paying cash equal to the difference between the market value and the strike price of the underlying asset at the maturity or expiration. Comparing to physically settled options, the actual physical delivery of underlying assets is not required. In this case, Porsche entered into a call spread option, which gave Porsche the right to receive a payment of cash for the difference between the lower strike price and the actual market value on the earlier of the date of exercise or maturity if the stock price increased. However, this cash payment is limited by a predetermined higher strike price and therefore, the higher the cap, the more this option costs. Moreover, Porsche can alternatively requested its investment banking counterparty deliver the shares of Volkswagen based on the value of payment Porsche could received. (See Exhibit 5 and 6 in Appendix) The increase of Volkswagens share was due to the fact that there were few shares remained in the market available for short-sellers to hedge their short position. This situation is called short squeeze, which implies when a heavily shorted stocks price will increase rapidly or has few remained in the market. In this situation, short-sellers must buy the underlying stock to close their short position and thus give upward pressure to the underlying stock. According to the case, it is obvious that Volkswagens equity was heavily shorted since many hedge funds including Greenlight Capital, SAC Capital, Glenview Capital, Tiger Asia, and Perry Capital betted against Volkswagens equity prior to the release of the option news. The way those hedge funds used to bet was pairing trading, which was a portfolio of long position in preferred shares of Volkswagen and short position in ordinary shares of Volkswagen, or alternatively, a portfolio of long  position in Porsche common stock and short position in Volkswagens common stock. Whatever approaches they used, the mind behind this kind of hedging was that they did not believe Volkswagens equity will appreciate, in contrast, they strongly thought a bearish market was await for Volkswagens shares. In this case ,the demand of Volkswagens share far exc eeded the supply of its shares (only 5. 9%), forcing investors in short position to buy Volkswagens share even when they knew that the purchase would increase the price ulteriorly. The cash-settled option Porsche purchased played a most important role in the fivefold increase of Volkswagens share. Back in early 2005, Porsche had already started buying cash-settled options on Volkswagens stock at a market value of â‚ ¬100. Along with the fact that German law did not require an investor to disclose ownership of any size holding of cash-settled options, Porsche was able to hold a large stake of shares of Volkswagen without making any noise to the rest of the market. When the share price of Volkswagen reached â‚ ¬211, Porsche already held options accounting for 31. 5% of the companys share silently. With the sudden release of this news, the short-sellers were dropped in situation called short squeeze, thus the announcement provoked a sour of Volkswagens share price. The success Porsches board made of obtaining control of Volkswagen was undeniable and legendary. But whether the involvement of CEO in trading derivatives made sense worth to be discussed. Even though the success can not be denied, the potential risk of this strategy was not small. Apparently, Porsche never bothered to stop taking control over Volkswagen since 2005. It already began to purchase cash-settled options since 2005 and despite of whether they were going to accounting those options to shares, they at least had the alternative to do so. However, the option was used to bet the market for Volkswagens share was going to be bullish and once the market was going bearish, millions of Eurodollars could be swiped out. Moreover, the information that they bough those options may be whistled out by counterparties and alerted the rest of market including Volkswagen. After all, the risk they took finally paid off by taking control over Volkswagen. The involvement of CEO in this case, in my opinion, was not unreasonable. Taking over control of a firm can be considered a company strategy and thus the leadership and scope guideline provided by CEO would be very important. Also, using derivative to obtain ownership is not like using it off-set risk: once it failed, it would mean a failure of strategy, which could lead to resign of CEO. Finally, the CEO can understand better if he led the operation of this strategy and could provide flexibility to the implementation of this take over strategy. However, normally, derivatives, especially equity derivatives, are not used for the purpose of silently taking control, while they normally used for risk set-off, which is really a responsibility should be undertaken by CFO, instead of CEO. So, commonly, CEO involvement in derivative trading was not a good idea. CSX, TCI and 3G case Background CSX was the result of Chessies 1980 merger with seaboard Coast Line Industries and it delivered about 1. 9 million carloads of coal, coke, and iron ore to electric utilities and manufacturers in 2007. It owned approximately 21000 route-mile rail network. The CEO of CSX was Michael Ward who was widely admitted as an innovator and leader in the transport industry. He delivered returns far exceeding the SP during the five years prior to the GFC. Christopher Hohn, was the founder of TCI hedge fund with $1 billion initially under management. The strategy TIC undertook was to take pubic stances against management at companies. This strategy went success in German in 2005 but failed in 2007 in Japan and lost $127. 3 million. In 2006, TCI s returns reached 40 percent and won itself a top award form EuroHedge, when the SP Hedge Fund Index rose just 3. 9 percent. 3G Capital was founded in 2004 with a firm-wide objective: to invest in good business, run by good management, and available at a good price. TCI and 3G actively called for change at CSX, pushing for the railroad to improve performance by changing senior management, including separating the cahirman and CEO, both held by Michael in the end of 2007. In 2008, CSX wrote to TIC said the change they wanted was not for the good of railroad industry but for their own good of taking control of the company and only after a written request from shareholders representing more than 15 percent of its voting power was received by the company, a special meeting can be held. After this letter, a series of lawsuits was initiated (see Exhibit 1 in Appendix) before TCI and 3G using TRS to gain control power and finally a court ruled that TIC and 3G had been illegally plotting a bid for control of CSX without disclosing their intentions. However, eventually, a federal appeals judge ultimately granted TCI and 3G a total of four seats in the board, since it was prohibited from denying shareholders the right to vote for a new board of directors. Analysis and conclusion A TRS is a kind of equity derivatives named total return swaps. TRS are agreements in which one party makes interest payments based on a set rate-fixed or variable-while the other party makes payments based on the return of an underlying asset, which includes both the income it generates and any capital gains or losses. In this case TCI and 3G received total return on CSXs shares and paid an interest at LIBOR plus a spread on $2. 8 billion.( See Exhibit 2 in Appendix) With the use of TRS, what TCI and 3G received gave them a synthetic long position in the market risk of the reference asset, which gave the right to them claiming they got about 14 percent of ownership in CSX. The key benefit of TRS for TCI and 3G was that they gained equity exposure to CSX without actually owning the shares underlined TRS. The use of TRS to gain control power silently, however, violated Regulation 13D which requires stock ownership of greater than 5 percent must be disclosed. Al so, it was risky. If the payments of return on CSXs shares were too small, TCI and 3G would go to illiquidity with paying a lump of cash , since the return on CSXs shares was mainly from dividend and capital gains, both of which CSX could partially control. In both case, I do think the disclosure of synthetic shares should be absolute. Just like the court said, it only matters whether it is about ownership not whether it is a kind of equity derivatives. As long as the use of equity derivatives is for obtaining control over a company, the  disclosure should always be mandatory. However, if the derivatives are used for diversifying or off-setting risk, then the rules for derivatives can be applied. Moreover, I do think there should be more regulations on using equity derivatives to get control. Because we can see in the CSX case, even though TCI and 3G were ruled to illegally getting control, they grabbed four seats on the board eventually. It can not denied that both TIC and 3G and Porsche did a very good calculation, assuming the costs were far outweighed by benefit of their strategy. Appendix